Ch-2
Perception: uses previous knowledge to collect and translate the stimuli registered by the senses. Perception to interpret text written on a page, we combine
a. Information registered by our eyes
b. Our previous knowledge about the shape of the letters of the alphabet
c. Our previous knowledge about what to expect when your visual system has already processed
Visual system
Perceptual stimuli:
1. Distal stimulus: the object that is out there
2. Proximal stimulus : the information registered on sensory receptors
Gestalt psychology: humans have tendencies to organize what they see; they look for patterns rather than disorganized arrangements.
Visual object recognition: there are 3 theories that involve object-recognition
1. Template-Matching theory: we compare a stimulus with particular patterns in memory
2. Feature-Analysis Theory: visual stimulus is interpreted in a way that we compare with special features of a particular letter or object
3. The Recognition-by-components Theory or structural theory: visual stimulus is compared with a simple 3-D shaped geons.
Top-Down and Bottom-up Processing in visual recognition
Top-Down processing is how high level thinking pressures object recognition; while Bottom-up processing highlights the importance of the stimulus in object recognition.
Speech Perception
Phoneme is the basic unit of spoken language, similar to a, th, k and so on.
Characteristics of speech perception are phoneme pronunciation variation, listeners fill missing sounds according to the context, listeners impose boundaries between sounds and visual cues from the speaker’s mouth help us interpret ambiguous sounds.
Reflection
The first chapter about cognition, this chapter gives a basic idea on perception, visual recognition and sound perception there is not a lot that I can apply to what I do every day but Top-Down processing, can be helpful in teaching children how to read. With the demonstration mentioned in Demonstration 2.3, children can try several options for ambiguous letters and find out what makes a word related to the context they are reading. This is not my area of expertise, I’ve never thought children how to read; I welcome suggestions why this may or may not work. What I am not clear on is the exact difference between Feature-analysis theory and recognition- by- components theory. The only differences I see is the first one gives an example of features of a letter while the later one 3-D geons but it is still recognizing shape.
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I will give you a small perspective from a Language Arts teacher's viewpoint on the feature analysis theory and how it relates to reading (by no means am I an expert, but this is how I perceive it). Students are taught at a very young age how to recognize the letters of the alphabet. Each letter has a distinct characteristic that the child learns no matter how it is written (printed, handwritten, typed or made with noodles). I believe that the more students are introduced to these letters (practice), the more familiar they are with them and the faster they will learn to read. Classification makes it easier to understand. Reading is accomplished faster if the words are not out of order or misspelled.
ReplyDeleteThe recognition-by-components theory has to do with objects (not letters) such as the recognition of a horse or a house, etc. The first time a child sees an object they don't know what it is until it is introduced to them and it is easier to recognize when the objects are categorized and seen from a standard viewpoint rather than an unusual perspective. The more we are introduced to the object, the more it is stored into our brains.
I hope this didn't confuse you even more:) That's just the way I see it.
Thanks Kim
ReplyDeleteLydia, the two theories are complementary. One concentrates on 2D while the other on 3D. But the idea is the same...there are certain features that by their presence or absence, as well as relationship, help us to recognize and distinguish objects. The important thing to remember is that these two are richer and more explanatory than the template model, where it would not be possible for us to have a template of everything already stored in our head.
ReplyDeletePS. Please number your responses 1 -8 so I can tell which questions you are responding to. Thanks much.